Projected Near-Future Levels of Temperature and pCO2 Reduce Coral Fertilization Success

Increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide ( p CO 2 ) are projected to contribute to a 1.1–6.4°C rise in global average surface temperatures and a 0.14–0.35 reduction in the average pH of the global surface ocean by 2100. If realized, these changes are expected to have negative consequences for reef-building corals including increased frequency and severity of coral bleaching and reduced rates of calcification and reef accretion. Much less is known regarding the independent and combined effects of temperature and p CO 2 on critical early life history processes such as fertilization. Here we show that increases in temperature (+3°C) and p CO 2 (+400 µatm) projected for this century negatively impact fertilization success of a common Indo-Pacific coral species, Acropora tenuis . While maximum fertilization did not differ among treatments, the sperm concentration required to obtain 50% of maximum fertilization increased 6- to 8- fold with the addition of a single factor (temperature or CO 2 ) and nearly 50- fold when both factors interact. Our results indicate that near-future changes in temperature and p CO 2 narrow the range of sperm concentrations that are capable of yielding high fertilization success in A. tenuis . Increased sperm limitation, in conjunction with adult population decline, may have severe consequences for coral reproductive success. Impaired sexual reproduction will further challenge corals by inhibiting population recovery and adaptation potential.