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Thromboxane synthase (TXAS) and thromboxane A 2  receptor (TP), two critical components for thromboxane A 2  (TXA 2 ) signaling, have been suggested to be involved in cancer invasion and metastasis. However, the mechanisms by which TXA 2  promotes these processes are still unclear. Here we show that TXA 2  mimetic, I-BOP, induced monocyte chemoattractant protein -1(MCP-1)/chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) expression at both mRNA and protein levels in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells stably over-expressing TP receptor α isoform (A549-TPα). The induction of MCP-1 was also found in other lung cancer cells H157 and H460 that express relatively high levels of endogenous TP. Using specific inhibitors of several signaling molecules and promoter/luciferase assay, we identified that transcription factor SP1 mediates I-BOP-induced MCP-1 expression. Furthermore, supernatants from I-BOP-treated A549-TPα cells enhanced MCP-1-dependent migration of RAW 264.7 macrophages. Moreover, co-culture of A549 cells with RAW 264.7 macrophages induced expression of  MMPs ,  VEGF  and  MCP-1  genes, and increased the invasive potential in A549 cells. These findings suggest that TXA 2  may stimulate invasion of cancer cells through MCP-1-mediated macrophage recruitment.

plos one

Activation of Thromboxane A2 Receptor (TP) Increases the Expression of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein -1 (MCP-1)/Chemokine (C-C motif) Ligand 2 (CCL2) and Recruits Macrophages to Promote Invasion of Lung Cancer Cells