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In Drosophila, the insulin-signaling pathway controls some life history traits, such as fertility and lifespan, and it is considered to be the main metabolic pathway involved in establishing adult body size. Several observations concerning variation in body size in the Drosophila genus are suggestive of its adaptive character. Genes encoding proteins in this pathway are, therefore, good candidates to have experienced adaptive changes and to reveal the footprint of positive selection. The Drosophila insulin-like peptides (DILPs) are the ligands that trigger the insulin-signaling cascade. In  Drosophila melanogaster , there are several peptides that are structurally similar to the single mammalian insulin peptide. The footprint of recent adaptive changes on nucleotide variation can be unveiled through the analysis of polymorphism and divergence. With this aim, we have surveyed nucleotide sequence variation at the  dilp1-7  genes in a natural population of  D. melanogaster . The comparison of polymorphism in  D. melanogaster  and divergence from  D. simulans  at different functional classes of the  dilp  genes provided no evidence of adaptive protein evolution after the split of the  D. melanogaster  and  D. simulans  lineages. However, our survey of polymorphism at the  dilp  gene regions of  D. melanogaster  has provided some evidence for the action of positive selection at or near these genes. The regions encompassing the  dilp1-4  genes and the  dilp6  gene stand out as likely affected by recent adaptive events.

plos one

Patterns of Nucleotide Diversity at the Regions Encompassing the Drosophila Insulin-Like Peptide (dilp) Genes: Demography vs. Positive Selection in Drosophila melanogaster