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One of the most important plant-fungal symbiotic relationships is that of cool season grasses with endophytic fungi of the genera  Epichloë  and  Neotyphodium.  These associations often confer benefits, such as resistance to herbivores and improved drought tolerance, to the hosts. One benefit that appears to be unique to fine fescue grasses is disease resistance. As a first step towards understanding the basis of the endophyte-mediated disease resistance in  Festuca rubra  we carried out a SOLiD-SAGE quantitative transcriptome comparison of endophyte-free and  Epichloë festucae -infected  F. rubra . Over 200 plant genes involved in a wide variety of physiological processes were statistically significantly differentially expressed between the two samples. Many of the endophyte expressed genes were surprisingly abundant, with the most abundant fungal tag representing over 10% of the fungal mapped tags. Many of the abundant fungal tags were for secreted proteins. The second most abundantly expressed fungal gene was for a secreted antifungal protein and is of particular interest regarding the endophyte-mediated disease resistance. Similar genes in  Penicillium  and  Aspergillus  spp. have been demonstrated to have antifungal activity. Of the 10 epichloae whole genome sequences available, only one isolate of  E. festucae  and  Neotyphodium gansuense  var  inebrians  have an antifungal protein gene. The uniqueness of this gene in  E. festucae  from  F. rubra , its transcript abundance, and the secreted nature of the protein, all suggest it may be involved in the disease resistance conferred to the host, which is a unique feature of the fine fescue–endophyte symbiosis.

plos one

SOLiD-SAGE of Endophyte-Infected Red Fescue Reveals Numerous Effects on Host Transcriptome and an Abundance of Highly Expressed Fungal Secreted Proteins