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Numerous hybrid and polypoid species are found within the Triticeae. It has been suggested that the  H  subgenome of allopolyploid  Elymus  (wheatgrass) species originated from diploid  Hordeum  (barley) species, but the role of hybridization between polyploid  Elymus  and  Hordeum  has not been studied. It is not clear whether gene flow across polyploid  Hordeum  and  Elymus  species has occurred following polyploid speciation. Answering these questions will provide new insights into the formation of these polyploid species, and the potential role of gene flow among polyploid species during polyploid evolution. In order to address these questions, disrupted meiotic cDNA1 (DMC1) data from the allopolyploid StH  Elymus  are analyzed together with diploid and polyploid  Hordeum  species. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the H copies of DMC1 sequence in some  Elymus  are very close to the H copies of DMC1 sequence in some polyploid  Hordeum  species, indicating either that the H genome in theses  Elymus  and polyploid  Hordeum  species originated from same diploid donor or that gene flow has occurred among them. Our analysis also suggested that the H genomes in  Elymus  species originated from limited gene pool, while H genomes in  Hordeum  polyploids have originated from broad gene pools. Nucleotide diversity (π) of the DMC1 sequences on H genome from polyploid species (π = 0.02083 in  Elymus , π = 0.01680 in polyploid  Hordeum ) is higher than that in diploid  Hordeum  (π = 0.01488). The estimates of Tajima's D were significantly departure from the equilibrium neutral model at this locus in diploid  Hordeum  species (P<0.05), suggesting an excess of rare variants in diploid species which may not contribute to the origination of polyploids. Nucleotide diversity (π) of the DMC1 sequences in  Elymus  polyploid species (π = 0.02083) is higher than that in polyploid  Hordeum  (π = 0.01680), suggesting that the degree of relationships between two parents of a polyploid might be a factor affecting nucleotide diversity in allopolyploids.

Untangling Nucleotide Diversity and Evolution of the H Genome in Polyploid Hordeum and Elymus Species Based on the Single Copy of Nuclear Gene DMC1