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The intestinal microbiota has been found to play a central role in the colonization of  Salmonella enterica  serovar Typhimurium in the gastrointestinal tract. In this study, we present a novel process through which  Salmonella  benefit from inflammatory induced changes in the microbiota in order to facilitate disease. We show that  Salmonella  infection in mice causes recruitment of neutrophils to the gut lumen, resulting in significant changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiota. This occurs through the production of the enzyme elastase by neutrophils. Administration of recombinant neutrophil elastase to infected animals under conditions that do not elicit neutrophil recruitment caused shifts in microbiota composition that favored  Salmonella  colonization, while inhibition of neutrophil elastase reduced colonization. This study reveals a new relationship between the microbiota and the host during infection.

Neutrophil Elastase Alters the Murine Gut Microbiota Resulting in Enhanced Salmonella Colonization