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Background/Objective  The  CDKAL1  gene is among the best-replicated susceptibility loci for type 2 diabetes, originally identified by genome-wide association studies in humans. To clarify a physiological importance of CDKAL1, we examined effects of a global  Cdkal1 -null mutation in mice and also evaluated the influence of a  CDKAL1  risk allele on body mass index (BMI) in Japanese subjects.    Methods  In  Cdkal1 -deficient ( Cdkal1   −/− ) mice, we performed oral glucose tolerance test, insulin tolerance test, and perfusion experiments with and without high-fat feeding. Based on the findings in mice, we tested genetic association of  CDKAL1  variants with BMI, as a measure of adiposity, and type 2 diabetes in Japanese.    Principal Findings  On a standard diet,  Cdkal1   −/−  mice were modestly lighter in weight than wild-type littermates without major alterations in glucose metabolism. On a high fat diet,  Cdkal1   −/−  mice showed significant reduction in fat accumulation (17% reduction in %intraabdominal fat,  P  = 0.023 vs. wild-type littermates) with less impaired insulin sensitivity at an early stage. High fat feeding did not potentiate insulin secretion in  Cdkal1   −/−  mice (1.0-fold), contrary to the results in wild-type littermates (1.6-fold,  P <0.01). Inversely, at a later stage,  Cdkal1   −/−  mice showed more prominent impairment of insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. mRNA expression analysis indicated that  Scd1  might function as a critical mediator of the altered metabolism in  Cdkal1   −/−  mice. In accordance with the findings in mice, a nominally significant ( P <0.05) association between  CDKAL1  rs4712523 and BMI was replicated in 2 Japanese general populations comprising 5,695 and 12,569 samples; the risk allele for type 2 diabetes was also associated with decreased BMI.    Conclusions    Cdkal1  gene deletion is accompanied by modestly impaired insulin secretion and longitudinal fluctuations in insulin sensitivity during high-fat feeding in mice. CDKAL1 may affect such compensatory mechanisms regulating glucose homeostasis through interaction with diet.

Deletion of CDKAL1 Affects High-Fat Diet–Induced Fat Accumulation and Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion in Mice, Indicating Relevance to Diabetes