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Background  Some strains of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) elicit induced systemic resistance (ISR) by emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including short chain alcohols, acetoin, and 2,3-butanediol. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether species-specific VOCs from PGPR strain  Paenibacillus polymyxa  E681 can promote growth and induce resistance in  Arabidopsis .    Methodology/Principal Findings  The efficacy of induction was strain-specific, with stronger protection against  Pseudomonas syringae  pv. maculicola ES4326 in plants exposed to VOCs from  P. polymyxa  E681 versus  Arabidopsis  plants exposed to VOCs from a reference strain  Bacillus subtilis  GB03, which was previously shown to elicit ISR and plant growth promotion. VOC emissions released from E681 primed transcriptional expression of the salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene signaling marker genes  PR1 ,  ChiB,  and  VSP2 , respectively. In addition, strain E681 produced more than thirty low molecular-weight VOCs, of which tridecane was only produced by E681 and not found in GB03 or IN937a volatile blends. These strain-specific VOCs induced  PR1  and  VSP2  genes.    Conclusions/Significance  These results provide new insight into the existence of a long chain VOC signaling molecule produced by  P. polymyxa  that can serve as a bacterial trigger of induced systemic resistance  in planta .

Induced Resistance by a Long-Chain Bacterial Volatile: Elicitation of Plant Systemic Defense by a C13 Volatile Produced by Paenibacillus polymyxa