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Numerous CCT domain genes are known to control flowering in plants. They belong to the  CONSTANS -like ( COL ) and  PREUDORESPONSE REGULATOR  ( PRR ) gene families, which in addition to a CCT domain possess B-box or response-regulator domains, respectively.  Ghd7  is the most recently identified  COL  gene to have a proven role in the control of flowering time in the Poaceae. However, as it lacks B-box domains, its inclusion within the  COL  gene family, technically, is incorrect. Here, we show  Ghd7  belongs to a larger family of previously uncharacterized Poaceae genes which possess just a single CCT domain, termed here  CCT MOTIF FAMILY  ( CMF ) genes. We molecularly describe the  CMF  (and related  COL  and  PRR ) gene families in four sequenced Poaceae species, as well as in the draft genome assembly of barley ( Hordeum vulgare ). Genetic mapping of the ten barley  CMF  genes identified, as well as twelve previously unmapped  HvCOL  and  HvPRR  genes, finds the majority map to colinear positions relative to their Poaceae orthologues. Combined inter-/intra-species comparative and phylogenetic analysis of  CMF, COL  and  PRR  gene families indicates they evolved prior to the monocot/dicot divergence ∼200 mya, with Poaceae  CMF  evolution described as the interplay between whole genome duplication in the ancestral cereal, and subsequent clade-specific mutation, deletion and duplication events. Given the proven role of  CMF  genes in the modulation of cereals flowering, the molecular, phylogenetic and comparative analysis of the Poaceae  CMF, COL  and  PRR  gene families presented here provides the foundation from which functional investigation can be undertaken.

Genome Dynamics Explain the Evolution of Flowering Time CCT Domain Gene Families in the Poaceae