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In the Neotropics, almost every species of the stream-dwelling harlequin toads (genus  Atelopus ) have experienced catastrophic declines. The persistence of lowland species of  Atelopus  could be explained by the lower growth rate of  Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis  ( Bd ) at temperatures above 25°C. We tested the complementary hypothesis that the toads' skin bacterial microbiota acts as a protective barrier against the pathogen, perhaps delaying or impeding the symptomatic phase of chytridiomycosis. We isolated 148 cultivable bacterial strains from three lowland  Atelopus  species and quantified the anti- Bd  activity through antagonism assays. Twenty-six percent (38 strains representing 12 species) of the bacteria inhibited  Bd  growth and just two of them were shared among the toad species sampled in different localities. Interestingly, the strongest anti- Bd  activity was measured in bacteria isolated from  A. elegans , the only species that tested positive for the pathogen. The cutaneous bacterial microbiota is thus likely a fitness-enhancing trait that may (adaptation) or not (exaptation) have appeared because of natural selection mediated by chytridiomycosis. Our findings reveal bacterial strains for development of local probiotic treatments against chytridiomycosis and also shed light on the mechanisms behind the frog-bacteria-pathogen interaction.

Surviving Chytridiomycosis: Differential Anti-Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Activity in Bacterial Isolates from Three Lowland Species of Atelopus