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Background  Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) caused by species from the  Leishmania donovani  complex is the most severe form of the disease, lethal if untreated. VL caused by  Leishmania infantum  is a zoonosis with an increasing number of human cases and millions of dogs infected in the Old and the New World. In this study,  L. infantum  (syn.  L.chagasi ) strains were isolated from human and canine VL cases. The strains were obtained from endemic areas from Brazil and Portugal and their genetic polymorphism was ascertained using the LSSP-PCR (Low-Stringency Single Specific Primer PCR) technique for analyzing the kinetoplastid DNA (kDNA) minicircles hypervariable region.    Principal Findings  KDNA genetic signatures obtained by minicircle LSSP-PCR analysis of forty  L. infantum  strains allowed the grouping of strains in several clades. Furthermore, LSSP-PCR profiles of  L. infantum  subpopulations were closely related to the host origin (human or canine). To our knowledge this is the first study which used this technique to compare genetic polymorphisms among strains of  L. infantum  originated from both the Old and the New World.    Conclusions  LSSP-PCR profiles obtained by analysis of  L. infantum  kDNA hypervariable region of parasites isolated from human cases and infected dogs from Brazil and Portugal exhibited a genetic correlation among isolates originated from the same reservoir, human or canine. However, no association has been detected among the kDNA signatures and the geographical origin of  L. infantum  strains.

KDNA Genetic Signatures Obtained by LSSP-PCR Analysis of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum Isolated from the New and the Old World