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Objectives  Cigarette smoking has been shown to be related to inflammatory bowel disease. We investigated whether smoking affected the probability of developing  Clostridium difficile  infection (CDI).    Methods  We conducted a longitudinal study of 16,781 older individuals from the nationally representative Health and Retirement Study. Data were linked to files from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services.    Results  Overall, the rate of CDI in older individuals was 220.6 per 100,000 person-years (95% CI 193.3, 248.0). Rates of CDI were 281.6/100,000 person-years in current smokers, 229.0/100,000 in former smokers and 189.1/100,000 person-years in never smokers. The odds of CDI were 33% greater in former smokers (95% CI: 8%, 65%) and 80% greater in current smokers (95% CI: 33%, 145%) when compared to never smokers. When the number of CDI-related visits was evaluated, current smokers had a 75% increased rate of CDI compared to never smokers (95% CI: 15%, 167%).    Conclusions  Smoking is associated with developing a  Clostridium difficile  infection. Current smokers have the highest risk, followed by former smokers, when compared to rates of infection in never smokers.

Higher Rates of Clostridium difficile Infection among Smokers