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Sinorhizobium meliloti  strain 1021, a nitrogen-fixing, root-nodulating bacterial microsymbiont of alfalfa, has a 3.5 Mbp circular chromosome and two megaplasmids including 1.3 Mbp  pSymA  carrying nonessential ‘accessory’ genes for nitrogen fixation ( nif) , nodulation and host specificity ( nod ). A related bacterium, psyllid-vectored ‘ Ca . Liberibacter asiaticus,’ is an obligate phytopathogen with a reduced genome that was previously analyzed for genes orthologous to genes on the  S. meliloti  circular chromosome. In general, proteins encoded by pSymA genes are more similar in sequence alignment to those encoded by  S. meliloti  chromosomal orthologs than to orthologous proteins encoded by genes carried on the ‘Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus’ genome. Only two ‘ Ca . Liberibacter asiaticus’ proteins were identified as having orthologous proteins encoded on  pSymA  but not also encoded on the chromosome of  S. meliloti.  These two orthologous gene pairs encode a Na + /K+ antiporter (shared with intracellular pathogens of the family  Bartonellacea ) and a Co++, Zn++ and Cd++ cation efflux protein that is shared with the phytopathogen  Agrobacterium . Another shared protein, a redox-regulated K+ efflux pump may regulate cytoplasmic pH and homeostasis. The pSymA and ‘ Ca . Liberibacter asiaticus’ orthologs of the latter protein are more highly similar in amino acid alignment compared with the alignment of the pSymA-encoded protein with its  S. meliloti  chromosomal homolog. About 182  pSymA  encoded proteins have sequence similarity (≤E-10) with ‘ Ca . Liberibacter asiaticus’ proteins, often present as multiple orthologs of single ‘ Ca . Liberibacter asiaticus’ proteins. These proteins are involved with amino acid uptake, cell surface structure, chaperonins, electron transport, export of bioactive molecules, cellular homeostasis, regulation of gene expression, signal transduction and synthesis of amino acids and metabolic cofactors. The presence of multiple orthologs defies mutational analysis and is consistent with the hypothesis that these proteins may be of particular importance in host/microbe interaction and their duplication likely facilitates their ongoing evolution.

‘Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus’ Proteins Orthologous with pSymA-Encoded Proteins of Sinorhizobium meliloti: Hypothetical Roles in Plant Host Interaction