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Background  The third complement component (C3) is a central protein of the complement system conserved from fish to mammals. It also showed distinct characteristics in different animal groups. Striking features of the fish complement system were unveiled, including prominent levels of extrahepatic expression and isotypic diversity of the complement components. The evidences of the involvement of complement system in the enhancement of B and T cell responses found in mammals indicated that the complement system also serves as a bridge between the innate and adaptive responses. For the reasons mentioned above, it is interesting to explore the evolutionary process of  C3  genes and to investigate whether the huge differences between aquatic and terrestrial environments affected the  C3  evolution between fish and mammals.    Methodology/Principal Findings  Analysis revealed that these two groups of animals had experienced different evolution patterns. The mammalian  C3  genes were under purifying selection pressure while the positive selection pressure was detected in fish  C3  genes. Three periods of positive selection events of  C3  genes were also detected. Two happened on the ancestral lineages to all vertebrates and mammals, respectively, one happened on early period of fish evolutionary history.    Conclusions/Significance  Three periods of positive selection events had happened on  C3  genes during history and the fish and mammals  C3  genes experience different evolutionary patterns for their distinct living environments.

Analysis of C3 Suggests Three Periods of Positive Selection Events and Different Evolutionary Patterns between Fish and Mammals