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Background    Chlamydiaceae  are a family of obligate intracellular pathogens causing a wide range of diseases in animals and humans, and facing unique evolutionary constraints not encountered by free-living prokaryotes. To investigate genomic aspects of infection, virulence and host preference we have sequenced  Chlamydia psittaci , the pathogenic agent of ornithosis.    Results  A comparison of the genome of the avian  Chlamydia psittaci  isolate 6BC with the genomes of other chlamydial species,  C. trachomatis ,  C. muridarum ,  C. pneumoniae ,  C. abortus ,  C. felis  and  C. caviae , revealed a high level of sequence conservation and synteny across taxa, with the major exception of the human pathogen  C. trachomatis . Important differences manifest in the polymorphic membrane protein family specific for the  Chlamydiae  and in the highly variable chlamydial plasticity zone. We identified a number of  psittaci -specific polymorphic membrane proteins of the G family that may be related to differences in host-range and/or virulence as compared to closely related  Chlamydiaceae . We calculated non-synonymous to synonymous substitution rate ratios for pairs of orthologous genes to identify putative targets of adaptive evolution and predicted type III secreted effector proteins.    Conclusions  This study is the first detailed analysis of the  Chlamydia psittaci  genome sequence. It provides insights in the genome architecture of  C. psittaci  and proposes a number of novel candidate genes mostly of yet unknown function that may be important for pathogen-host interactions.

The Chlamydia psittaci Genome: A Comparative Analysis of Intracellular Pathogens