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Background  Flowering reversion can be induced in soybean ( Glycine max  L. Merr.), a typical short-day (SD) dicot, by switching from SD to long-day (LD) photoperiods. This process may involve florigen, putatively encoded by  FLOWERING LOCUS T  ( FT ) in  Arabidopsis thaliana . However, little is known about the potential function of soybean  FT  homologs in flowering reversion.    Methods  A photoperiod-responsive  FT  homologue  GmFT  (renamed as  GmFT2a  hereafter) was cloned from the photoperiod-sensitive cultivar Zigongdongdou.  GmFT2a  gene expression under different photoperiods was analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR.  In situ  hybridization showed direct evidence for its expression during flowering-related processes.  GmFT2a  was shown to promote flowering using transgenic studies in  Arabidopsis  and soybean. The effects of photoperiod and temperature on  GmFT2a  expression were also analyzed in two cultivars with different photoperiod-sensitivities.    Results    GmFT2a  expression is regulated by photoperiod. Analyses of  GmFT2a  transcripts revealed a strong correlation between  GmFT2a  expression and flowering maintenance.  GmFT2a  transcripts were observed continuously within the vascular tissue up to the shoot apex during flowering. By contrast, transcripts decreased to undetectable levels during flowering reversion. In grafting experiments, the early-flowering, photoperiod-insensitive stock Heihe27 promotes the appearance of  GmFT2a  transcripts in the shoot apex of scion Zigongdongdou under noninductive LD conditions. The photothermal effects of  GmFT2a  expression diversity in cultivars with different photoperiod-sensitivities and a hypothesis is proposed.    Conclusion    GmFT2a  expression is associated with flowering induction and maintenance. Therefore,  GmFT2a  is a potential target gene for soybean breeding, with the aim of increasing geographic adaptation of this crop.

GmFT2a, a Soybean Homolog of FLOWERING LOCUS T, Is Involved in Flowering Transition and Maintenance