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Four cytochrome P450 cDNAs,  CYP6AA7 ,  CYP9J40 ,  CYP9J34 , and  CYP9M10 , were isolated from mosquitoes,  Culex quinquefasciatus . The P450 gene expression and induction by permethrin were compared for three different mosquito populations bearing different resistance phenotypes, ranging from susceptible (S-Lab), through intermediate (HAmCq G0 , the field parental population) to highly resistant (HAmCq G8 , the 8 th  generation of permethrin selected offspring of HAmCq G0 ). A strong correlation was found for P450 gene expression with the levels of resistance and following permethrin selection at the larval stage of mosquitoes, with the highest expression levels identified in HAmCq G8 , suggesting the importance of  CYP6AA7 ,  CYP9J40 ,  CYP9J34 , and  CYP9M10  in the permethrin resistance of larva mosquitoes. Only  CYP6AA7  showed a significant overexpression in HAmCq G8  adult mosquitoes. Other P450 genes had similar expression levels among the mosquito populations tested, suggesting different P450 genes may be involved in the response to insecticide pressure in different developmental stages. The expression of  CYP6AA7 ,  CYP9J34 , and  CYP9M10  was further induced by permethrin in resistant mosquitoes. Taken together, these results indicate that multiple P450 genes are up-regulated in insecticide resistant mosquitoes through both constitutive overexpression and induction mechanisms, thus increasing the overall expression levels of P450 genes.

Multiple Cytochrome P450 Genes: Their Constitutive Overexpression and Permethrin Induction in Insecticide Resistant Mosquitoes, Culex quinquefasciatus