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Background  Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is recognized as one of the major forces for bacterial genome evolution. Many clinically important bacteria may acquire virulence factors and antibiotic resistance through HGT. The comparative genomic analysis has become an important tool for identifying HGT in emerging pathogens. In this study, the Serine-Aspartate Repeat (Sdr) family has been compared among different sources of  Staphylococcus aureus  ( S. aureus ) to discover sequence diversities within their genomes.    Methodology/Principal Findings  Four  sdr  genes were analyzed for 21 different  S. aureus  strains and 218 mastitis-associated  S. aureus  isolates from Canada. Comparative genomic analyses revealed that  S. aureus  strains from bovine mastitis (RF122 and mastitis isolates in this study), ovine mastitis (ED133), pig (ST398), chicken (ED98), and human methicillin-resistant  S. aureus  (MRSA) (TCH130, MRSA252, Mu3, Mu50, N315, 04-02981, JH1 and JH9) were highly associated with one another, presumably due to HGT. In addition, several types of insertion and deletion were found in  sdr  genes of many isolates. A new insertion sequence was found in mastitis isolates, which was presumably responsible for the HGT of  sdrC  gene among different strains. Moreover, the  sdr  genes could be used to type  S. aureus.  Regional difference of  sdr  genes distribution was also indicated among the tested  S. aureus  isolates. Finally, certain associations were found between  sdr  genes and subclinical or clinical mastitis isolates.    Conclusions  Certain  sdr  gene sequences were shared in  S. aureus  strains and isolates from different species presumably due to HGT. Our results also suggest that the distributional assay of virulence factors should detect the full sequences or full functional regions of these factors. The traditional assay using short conserved regions may not be accurate or credible. These findings have important implications with regard to animal husbandry practices that may inadvertently enhance the contact of human and animal bacterial pathogens.

Sequence Diversities of Serine-Aspartate Repeat Genes among Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Different Hosts Presumably by Horizontal Gene Transfer