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Somatic hypermutation (SHM) of immunoglobulin genes is initiated by activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) in activated B cells. This process is strictly dependent on transcription. Hence,  cis -acting transcriptional control elements have been proposed to target SHM to immunoglobulin loci. The  Mus musculus  Igκ locus is regulated by the intronic enhancer (iE/MAR) and the 3′ enhancer (3′E), and multiple studies using transgenic and knock-out approaches in mice and cell lines have reported somewhat contradictory results about the function of these enhancers in AID-mediated sequence diversification. Here we show that the  M. musculus  iE/MAR and 3′E elements are active solely as transcriptional enhancer when placed in the context of the  IGL  locus in  Gallus gallus  DT40 cells, but they are very inefficient in targeting AID-mediated mutation events to this locus. This suggests that either key components of the  cis -regulatory targeting elements reside outside the murine Igκ transcriptional enhancer sequences, or that the targeting of AID activity to Ig loci occurs by largely species-specific mechanisms.

Classical Mus musculus Igκ Enhancers Support Transcription but not High Level Somatic Hypermutation from a V-Lambda Promoter in Chicken DT40 Cells