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16 S-[2,3-bis(palmitoyl)propyl]cysteine (Pam2) lipopeptides act as toll-like receptor (TLR)2/6 ligands and activate natural killer (NK) cells and dendritic cells (DCs) to produce inflammatory cytokines and cytotoxic NK activity  in vitro . However, in this study, we found that systemic injection of Pam2 lipopeptides was not effective for the suppression of NK-sensitive B16 melanomas  in vivo . When we investigated the immune suppressive mechanisms, systemic injection of Pam2 lipopeptides induced IL-10 in a TLR2-dependent manner. The Pam2 lipopeptides increased the frequencies of Foxp3 + CD4 +  regulatory T (T reg) cells in a TLR2- and IL-10- dependent manner. The T reg cells from Pam2-lipopeptide injected mice maintained suppressor activity. Pam2 lipopeptides, plus the depletion of T reg with an anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody, improved tumor growth compared with Pam2 lipopeptides alone. In conclusion, our data suggested that systemic treatment of Pam2 lipopeptides promoted IL-10 production and T reg function, which suppressed the effective induction of anti-tumor immunity  in vivo . It is necessary to develop an adjuvant that does not promote IL-10 and T reg function in vivo for the future establishment of an anti-cancer vaccine.

TLR2-Dependent Induction of IL-10 and Foxp3+CD25+CD4+ Regulatory T Cells Prevents Effective Anti-Tumor Immunity Induced by Pam2 Lipopeptides In Vivo