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Using a phylogenetic approach, the examination of 33 meiosis/meiosis-related genes in 12  Drosophila  species, revealed nine independent gene duplications, involving the genes  cav ,  mre11 ,  meiS332 ,  polo  and  mtrm . Evidence is provided that at least eight out of the nine gene duplicates are functional. Therefore, the rate at which  Drosophila  meiosis/meiosis-related genes are duplicated and retained is estimated to be 0.0012 per gene per million years, a value that is similar to the average for all  Drosophila  genes. It should be noted that by using a phylogenetic approach the confounding effect of concerted evolution, that is known to lead to overestimation of the duplication and retention rate, is avoided. This is an important issue, since even in our moderate size sample, evidence for long-term concerted evolution (lasting for more than 30 million years) was found for the  meiS332  gene pair in species of the  Drosophila  subgenus. Most striking, in contrast to theoretical expectations, is the finding that genes that encode proteins that must follow a close stoichiometric balance, such as  polo ,  mtrm  and  meiS332  have been found duplicated. The duplicated genes may be examples of gene neofunctionalization. It is speculated that meiosis duration may be a trait that is under selection in  Drosophila  and that it has different optimal values in different species.

Drosophila Genes That Affect Meiosis Duration Are among the Meiosis Related Genes That Are More Often Found Duplicated