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Water economy in agricultural practices is an issue that is being addressed through studies aimed at understanding both plant water-use efficiency (WUE), i.e. biomass produced per water consumed, and responses to water shortage. In the model species  Arabidopsis thaliana , the  ESKIMO1  ( ESK1 ) gene has been described as involved in freezing, cold and salt tolerance as well as in water economy:  esk1  mutants have very low evapo-transpiration rates and high water-use efficiency. In order to establish ESK1 function, detailed characterization of  esk1  mutants has been carried out. The stress hormone ABA (abscisic acid) was present at high levels in  esk1  compared to wild type, nevertheless, the weak water loss of  esk1  was independent of stomata closure through ABA biosynthesis, as combining mutant in this pathway with  esk1  led to additive phenotypes. Measurement of root hydraulic conductivity suggests that the  esk1  vegetative apparatus suffers water deficit due to a defect in water transport.  ESK1  promoter-driven reporter gene expression was observed in xylem and fibers, the vascular tissue responsible for the transport of water and mineral nutrients from the soil to the shoots, via the roots. Moreover, in cross sections of hypocotyls, roots and stems,  esk1  xylem vessels were collapsed. Finally, using Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, severe chemical modifications of xylem cell wall composition were highlighted in the  esk1  mutants. Taken together our findings show that ESK1 is necessary for the production of functional xylem vessels, through its implication in the laying down of secondary cell wall components.

ESKIMO1 Disruption in Arabidopsis Alters Vascular Tissue and Impairs Water Transport