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Background  Immunization with murine pneumotropic virus virus-like particles carrying Her2/ neu  (Her2MPtVLPs) prevents tumour outgrowth in mice when given prophylactically, and therapeutically if combined with the adjuvant CpG. We investigated which components of the immune system are involved in tumour rejection, and whether long-term immunological memory can be obtained.    Methodology and Results  During the effector phase in BALB/c mice, only depletion of CD4 +  and CD8 +  in combination, with or without NK cells, completely abrogated tumour protection. Depletion of single CD4 + , CD8 +  or NK cell populations only had minor effects. During the immunization/induction phase, combined depletion of CD4 +  and CD8 +  cells abolished protection, while depletion of each individual subset had no or negligible effect. When tumour rejection was studied in knock-out mice with a C57Bl/6 background, protection was lost in CD4 −/− CD8 −/−  and CD4 −/− , but not in CD8 −/−  mice. In contrast, when normal C57Bl/6 mice were depleted of different cell types, protection was lost irrespective of whether only CD4 + , only CD8 + , or CD4 +  and CD8 +  cells in combination were eradicated. No anti-Her2/ neu  antibodies were detected but a Her2/ neu -specific IFNγ response was seen. Studies of long-term memory showed that BALB/c mice could be protected against tumour development when immunized together with CpG as long as ten weeks before challenge.    Conclusion  Her2MPtVLP immunization is efficient in stimulating several compartments of the immune system, and induces an efficient immune response including long-term memory. In addition, when depleting mice of isolated cellular compartments, tumour protection is not as efficiently abolished as when depleting several immune compartments together.

CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells Can Act Separately in Tumour Rejection after Immunization with Murine Pneumotropic Virus Chimeric Her2/neu Virus-Like Particles