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Background  While deacetylase (DAC) inhibitors show promise for the treatment of B-cell malignancies, those introduced to date are weak inhibitors of class I and II DACs or potent inhibitors of class I DAC only, and have shown suboptimal activity or unacceptable toxicities. We therefore investigated the novel DAC inhibitor AR-42 to determine its efficacy in B-cell malignancies.    Principal Findings  In mantle cell lymphoma (JeKo-1), Burkitt's lymphoma (Raji), and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (697) cell lines, the 48-hr IC 50  (50% growth inhibitory concentration) of AR-42 is 0.61 µM or less. In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patient cells, the 48-hr LC 50  (concentration lethal to 50%) of AR-42 is 0.76 µM. AR-42 produces dose- and time-dependent acetylation both of histones and tubulin, and induces caspase-dependent apoptosis that is not reduced in the presence of stromal cells. AR-42 also sensitizes CLL cells to TNF-Related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand (TRAIL), potentially through reduction of c-FLIP. AR-42 significantly reduced leukocyte counts and/or prolonged survival in three separate mouse models of B-cell malignancy without evidence of toxicity.    Conclusions/Significance  Together, these data demonstrate that AR-42 has  in vitro  and  in vivo  efficacy at tolerable doses. These results strongly support upcoming phase I testing of AR-42 in B-cell malignancies.

The Novel Deacetylase Inhibitor AR-42 Demonstrates Pre-Clinical Activity in B-Cell Malignancies In Vitro and In Vivo