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Background    Salmonella  infection is a common public health problem that can become chronic and increase the risk of inflammatory bowel diseases and cancer. AvrA is a  Salmonella  bacterial type III secretion effector protein. Increasing evidence demonstrates that AvrA is a multi-functional enzyme with critical roles in inhibiting inflammation, regulating apoptosis, and enhancing proliferation. However, the chronic effects of  Salmonella  and effector AvrA  in vivo  are still unknown. Moreover, alive, mutated, non-invasive  Salmonella  is used as a vector to specifically target cancer cells. However, studies are lacking on chronic infection with non-pathogenic or mutated  Salmonella  in the host.    Methods/Principal Findings  We infected mice with  Salmonella  Typhimurium for 27 weeks and investigated the physiological effects as well as the role of AvrA in intestinal inflammation. We found altered body weight, intestinal pathology, and bacterial translocation in spleen, liver, and gallbladder in chronically  Salmonella -infected mice. Moreover, AvrA suppressed intestinal inflammation and inhibited the secretion of cytokines IL-12, IFN-γ, and TNF-α. AvrA expression in  Salmonella  enhanced its invasion ability. Liver abscess and  Salmonella  translocation in the gallbladder were observed and may be associated with AvrA expression in  Salmonella .    Conclusion/Significance  We created a mouse model with persistent  Salmonella  infection  in vivo . Our study further emphasizes the importance of the  Salmonella  effector protein AvrA in intestinal inflammation, bacterial translocation, and chronic infection  in vivo .

Chronic Effects of a Salmonella Type III Secretion Effector Protein AvrA In Vivo