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Background  A bacterial role in the obesity pandemic has been suspected based on the ingestion of probiotics that can modify the gut flora. The objective of our study was to determine if increased  Lactobacillus  sp. in the gut flora of newborn broiler chicks and ducks could result in weight gain increase.    Methodology  Female broiler chicks ( Gallus gallus domesticus ) and ducks ( Anas platyrhynchos domestica ) were separated into one control and two experimental groups, and inoculated once or twice with 4×10 10   Lactobacillus  spp. per animal in PBS, or with PBS alone. Fecal samples were collected before and at 24 hours, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 30 days after the inoculation. DNA was extracted from the stools, and qPCR assays were performed on a MX3000™ system for the detection and quantification of  Lactobacillus  sp.,  Bacteroidetes  and  Firmicutes , using a quantification plasmid. Animals were measured and sacrificed 60 days after the beginning of the experiment, and livers were collected and measured.    Principal Findings  Chicks inoculated once and twice with  Lactobacillus  weighed 10.2% ( p  = 0.0162) and 13.5% ( p  = 0.0064) more than the control group animals, respectively. Similarly, ducks inoculated once and twice weighed 7.7% ( p  = 0.05) and 14% ( p  = 0.035) more than those in the control group, respectively. Liver mass was also significantly higher in inoculated animals compared to the control group. Inoculation with  Lactobacillus  sp. increased the DNA copies of  Lactobacillus  spp. and  Firmicutes  in the stools.  Bacteroidetes  remained stable, and only the second  Lactobacillus  sp. inoculation significantly decreased its population in chicks. The ratio of DNA copies of  Firmicutes  to those of  Bacteroidetes  increased to as much as 6,4 in chicks and 8,3 in ducks.    Conclusions  Differences in the intestinal microbiota may precede weight increase, as we found that an increase of  Lactobacillus  sp. in newborn ducks and chicks preceded the development of weight gain.

The Increase of Lactobacillus Species in the Gut Flora of Newborn Broiler Chicks and Ducks Is Associated with Weight Gain