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Background  The pathology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway, as well as the formation of intraneuronal inclusions known as Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites in the substantia nigra. Accumulations of nitrated α-synuclein are demonstrated in the signature inclusions of Parkinson's disease. However, whether the nitration of α-synuclein is relevant to the pathogenesis of PD is unknown.    Methodology/Principal Findings  In this study, effect of nitrated α-synuclein to dopaminergic (DA) neurons was determined by delivering nitrated recombinant TAT-α-synuclein intracellular. We provide evidence to show that the nitrated α-synuclein was toxic to cultured dopaminergic SHSY-5Y neurons and primary mesencephalic DA neurons to a much greater degree than unnitrated α-synuclein. Moreover, we show that administration of nitrated α-synuclein to the substantia nigra pars compacta of rats caused severe reductions in the number of DA neurons therein, and led to the down-regulation of D 2 R in the striatum  in vivo . Furthermore, when administered to the substantia nigra of rats, nitrated α-synuclein caused PD-like motor dysfunctions, such as reduced locomotion and motor asymmetry, however unmodified α-synuclein had significantly less severe behavioral effects.    Conclusions/Significance  Our results provide evidence that α-synuclein, principally in its nitrated form, induce DA neuron death and may be a major factor in the etiology of PD.

Nitrated α-Synuclein Induces the Loss of Dopaminergic Neurons in the Substantia Nigra of Rats