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Background  DNA barcoding is a promising tool to facilitate a rapid and unambiguous identification of sponge species. Demosponges of the order Dictyoceratida are particularly challenging to identify, but are of ecological as well as biochemical importance.    Methodology/Principal Findings  Here we apply DNA barcoding with the standard CO1-barcoding marker on selected Indo-Pacific specimens of two genera,  Ircinia  and  Psammocinia  of the family Irciniidae. We show that the CO1 marker identifies several species new to science, reveals separate radiation patterns of deep-sea  Ircinia  sponges and indicates dispersal patterns of  Psammocinia  species. However, some species cannot be unambiguously barcoded by solely this marker due to low evolutionary rates.    Conclusions/Significance  We support previous suggestions for a combination of the standard CO1 fragment with an additional fragment for sponge DNA barcoding.

CO I Barcoding Reveals New Clades and Radiation Patterns of Indo-Pacific Sponges of the Family Irciniidae (Demospongiae: Dictyoceratida)