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Oropharyngeal candidiasis is an opportunistic infection considered to be a harbinger of AIDS. The etiologic agent  Candida albicans  is a fungal species commonly colonizing human mucosal surfaces. However, under conditions of immune dysfunction, colonizing  C. albicans  can become an opportunistic pathogen causing superficial or even life-threatening infections. The reasons behind this transition, however, are not clear. In the oral cavity, salivary antimicrobial peptides are considered to be an important part of the host innate defense system in the prevention of microbial colonization. Histatin-5 specifically has exhibited potent activity against  C. albicans . Our previous studies have shown histatin-5 levels to be significantly reduced in the saliva of HIV+ individuals, indicating an important role for histatin-5 in keeping  C. albicans  in its commensal stage. The versatility in the pathogenic potential of  C. albicans  is the result of its ability to adapt through the regulation of virulence determinants, most notably of which are proteolytic enzymes (Saps), involved in tissue degradation. In this study, we show that  C. albicans  cells efficiently and rapidly degrade histatin-5, resulting in loss of its anti-candidal potency. In addition, we demonstrate that this cellular activity is due to proteolysis by a member of the secreted aspartic proteases (Sap) family involved in  C. albicans  pathogenesis. Specifically, the proteolysis was attributed to Sap9, in turn identifying histatin-5 as the first host-specific substrate for that isoenzyme. These findings demonstrate for the first time the ability of a specific  C. albicans  enzyme to degrade and deactivate a host antimicrobial peptide involved in the protection of the oral mucosa against  C. albicans , thereby providing new insights into the factors directing the transition of  C. albicans  from commensal to pathogen, with important clinical implications for alternative therapy. This report characterizes the first defined mechanism behind the enhanced susceptibility of HIV+ individuals to oral candidiasis since the emergence of HIV.

A Novel Immune Evasion Strategy of Candida albicans: Proteolytic Cleavage of a Salivary Antimicrobial Peptide