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Background  Initiation of chromosome replication in  E. coli  requires the DnaA and DnaC proteins and conditionally-lethal  dnaA  and  dnaC  mutants are often used to synchronize cell populations.    Methodology/Principal Findings  DNA microarrays were used to measure mRNA steady-state levels in initiation-deficient  dnaA46  and  dnaC2  bacteria at permissive and non-permissive temperatures and their expression profiles were compared to MG1655 wildtype cells. For both mutants there was altered expression of genes involved in nucleotide biosynthesis at the non-permissive temperature. Transcription of the  dnaA  and  dnaC  genes was increased at the non-permissive temperature in the respective mutant strains indicating auto-regulation of both genes. Induction of the SOS regulon was observed in  dnaC2  cells at 38°C and 42°C. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that  dnaC2  mutant cells at non-permissive temperature had completed the early stages of chromosome replication initiation.    Conclusion/Significance  We suggest that in  dnaC2  cells the SOS response is triggered by persistent open-complex formation at  oriC  and/or by arrested forks that require DnaC for replication restart.

DnaC Inactivation in Escherichia coli K-12 Induces the SOS Response and Expression of Nucleotide Biosynthesis Genes