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Aedes aegypti  mosquitoes infected with the  w Mel strain of  Wolbachia  are being released into natural mosquito populations in the tropics as a way of reducing dengue transmission. High temperatures adversely affect  w Mel, reducing  Wolbachia  density and cytoplasmic incompatibility in some larval habitats that experience large temperature fluctuations. We monitored the impact of a 43.6°C heatwave on the  w Mel infection in a natural population in Cairns, Australia, where  w Mel was first released in 2011 and has persisted at a high frequency.  Wolbachia  infection frequencies in the month following the heatwave were reduced to 83% in larvae sampled directly from field habitats and 88% in eggs collected from ovitraps, but recovered to be near 100% four months later. Effects of the heatwave on  w Mel appeared to be stage-specific and delayed, with reduced frequencies and densities in field-collected larvae and adults reared from ovitraps but higher frequencies in field-collected adults. Laboratory experiments showed that the effects of heatwaves on cytoplasmic incompatibility and density are life stage-specific, with first instar larvae being the most vulnerable to temperature effects. Our results indicate that heatwaves in  w Mel-infected populations will have only temporary effects on  Wolbachia  frequencies and density once the infection has established in the population. Our results are relevant to ongoing releases of  w Mel-infected  Ae .  aegypti  in several tropical countries.

Heatwaves cause fluctuations in wMel Wolbachia densities and frequencies in Aedes aegypti