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Background    Clonorchis sinensis  is a group-I bio-carcinogen for cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Although the epidemiological evidence links clonorchiasis and CCA, the underlying molecular mechanism involved in this process is poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated expression of oncogenes and tumor suppressors, including  PSMD10 ,  CDK4 ,  p53  and  RB  in  C .  sinensis  induced hamster CCA model.    Methods  Different histochemical/immunohistochemical techniques were performed to detect CCA in 4 groups of hamsters: uninfected control (Ctrl.), infected with  C .  sinensis  (Cs), ingested N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), and both Cs infected and NDMA introduced (Cs+NDMA). The liver tissues from all groups were analyzed for gene/protein expressions by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and western blotting.    Principal Findings  CCA was observed in all hamsters of Cs+NDMA group with well, moderate, and poorly differentiated types measured in 21.8% ± 1.5%, 13.3% ± 1.3%, and 10.8% ± 1.3% of total tissue section areas respectively. All CCA differentiations progressed in a time dependent manner, starting from the 8 th  week of infection. CCA stroma was characterized with increased collagen type I, mucin, and proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). The qPCR analysis showed  PSMD10 ,  CDK4  and  p16INK4  were over-expressed, whereas  p53  was under-expressed in the Cs+NDMA group. We observed no change in  RB1  at mRNA level but found significant down-regulation of RB protein. The apoptosis related genes,  BAX  and  caspase 9  were found downregulated in the CCA tissue. Gene/protein expressions were matched well with the pathological changes of different groups except the NDMA group. Though the hamsters in the NDMA group showed no marked pathological lesions, we observed over-expression of  Akt/PKB  and  p53  genes proposing molecular interplay in this group which might be related to the CCA initiation in this animal model.    Conclusions/Significance  The present findings suggest that oncogenes,  PSMD10  and  CDK4 , and tumor suppressors,  p53  and RB, are involved in the carcinogenesis process of  C .  sinensis  induced CCA in hamsters.

plos neglected tropical diseases

Involvement of PSMD10, CDK4, and Tumor Suppressors in Development of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma of Syrian Golden Hamsters Induced by Clonorchis sinensis and N-Nitrosodimethylamine