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Current vector control programs are largely dependent on pyrethroids, which are the most commonly used and only insecticides recommended by the World Health Organization for insecticide-treated nets (ITNs). However, the rapid spread of pyrethroid resistance worldwide compromises the effectiveness of control programs and threatens public health. Since few new insecticide classes for vector control are anticipated, limiting the development of resistance is crucial for prolonging efficacy of pyrethroids. In this study, we exposed a field-collected population of  Culex pipiens pallens  to different insecticide selection intensities to dynamically monitor the development of resistance. Moreover, we detected  kdr  mutations and three detoxification enzyme activities in order to explore the evolutionary mechanism of pyrethroid resistance. Our results revealed that the level of pyrethroid resistance was proportional to the insecticide selection pressure. The  kdr  and metabolic resistance both contributed to pyrethroid resistance in the  Cx .  pipiens pallens  populations, but they had different roles under different selection pressures. We have provided important evidence for better understanding of the development and mechanisms of pyrethroid resistance which may guide future insecticide use and vector management in order to avoid or delay resistance.

Development of Resistance to Pyrethroid in Culex pipiens pallens Population under Different Insecticide Selection Pressures