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Background  Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), mainly transmitted in urban areas by the mosquitoes  Aedes aegypti  and  Aedes albopictus , constitutes a major public health problem. In late 2013, CHIKV emerged on Saint-Martin Island in the Caribbean and spread throughout the region reaching more than 40 countries. Thus far,  Ae .  aegypti  mosquitoes have been implicated as the sole vector in the outbreaks, leading to the hypothesis that CHIKV spread could be limited only to regions where this mosquito species is dominant.    Methodology/Principal Findings  We determined the ability of local populations of  Ae .  aegypti  and  Ae .  albopictus  from the Americas and Europe to transmit the CHIKV strain of the Asian genotype isolated from Saint-Martin Island (CHIKV_SM) during the recent epidemic, and an East-Central-South African (ECSA) genotype CHIKV strain isolated from La Réunion Island (CHIKV_LR) as a well-characterized control virus. We also evaluated the effect of temperature on transmission of CHIKV_SM by European  Ae .  albopictus . We found that (i)  Aedes aegypti  from Saint-Martin Island transmit CHIKV_SM and CHIKV_LR with similar efficiency, (ii)  Ae .  aegypti  from the Americas display similar transmission efficiency for CHIKV_SM, (iii) American and European populations of the alternative vector species  Ae .  albopictus  were as competent as  Ae .  aegypti  populations with respect to transmission of CHIKV_SM and (iv) exposure of European  Ae .  albopictus  to low temperatures (20°C) significantly reduced the transmission potential for CHIKV_SM.    Conclusions/Significance  CHIKV strains belonging to the ECSA genotype could also have initiated local transmission in the new world. Additionally, the ongoing CHIKV outbreak in the Americas could potentially spread throughout  Ae .  aegypti - and  Ae .  albopictus -infested regions of the Americas with possible imported cases of CHIKV to  Ae .  albopictus -infested regions in Europe. Colder temperatures may decrease the local transmission of CHIKV_SM by European  Ae .  albopictus , potentially explaining the lack of autochthonous transmission of CHIKV_SM in Europe despite the hundreds of imported CHIKV cases returning from the Caribbean.

Chikungunya Virus Transmission Potential by Local Aedes Mosquitoes in the Americas and Europe