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Background    Phlebotomus  ( Paraphlebotomus )  sergenti  is at least one of the confirmed vectors for the transmission of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by  Leishmania tropica  and distributed widely in Morocco. This form of leishmaniasis is considered largely as anthroponotic, although dogs were found infected with  Leishmania tropica , suggestive of zoonosis in some rural areas.    Methodology and Findings  This survey aimed at (i) studying the presence of  Leishmania  in field caught  Phlebotomus sergenti , (ii) investigating genetic diversity within  Leishmania tropica  and (iii) identifying the host-blood feeding preferences of  Phlebotomus sergenti . A total of 4,407 sand flies were collected in three rural areas of Azilal province, using CDC miniature light traps. Samples collected were found to consist of 13 species:  Phlebotomus  spp. and 3  Sergentomyia  spp. The most abundant species was  Phlebotomus sergenti , accounting for 45.75 % of the total. 965 female  Phlebotomus sergenti  were screened for the presence of  Leishmania  by ITS1-PCR-RFLP, giving a positive rate of 5.7% (55/965), all being identified as  Leishmania tropica . Nucleotide heterogeneity of PCR-amplified ITS1-5.8S rRNA gene-ITS2 was noted. Analyses of 31 sequences obtained segregated them into 16 haplotypes, of which 7 contain superimposed peaks at certain nucleotide positions, suggestive of heterozygosity.  Phlebotomus sergenti  collected were found to feed on a large variety of vertebrate hosts, as determined by  Cytochrome b  sequencing of the DNA from the blood meals of 64 engorged females.    Conclusion  Our findings supported the notion that  Phlebotomus sergenti  is the primary vector of  Leishmania tropica  in this focus, and that the latter is genetically very heterogeneous. Furthermore, our results might be suggestive of a certain level of heterozygosity in  Leishmania tropica  population. This finding, as well as the feeding of the vectors on different animals are of interest for further investigation.

plos neglected tropical diseases

Phlebotomus sergenti in a Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Focus in Azilal Province (High Atlas, Morocco): Molecular Detection and Genotyping of Leishmania tropica, and Feeding Behavior