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Background  Antimony resistance complicates the treatment of infections caused by the parasite  Leishmania .    Methodology/Principal Findings  Using next generation sequencing, we sequenced the genome of four independent  Leishmania guyanensis  antimony-resistant (SbR) mutants and found different chromosomal alterations including aneuploidy, intrachromosomal gene amplification and gene deletion. A segment covering 30 genes on chromosome 19 was amplified intrachromosomally in three of the four mutants. The gene coding for the multidrug resistance associated protein A involved in antimony resistance was also amplified in the four mutants, most likely through chromosomal translocation. All mutants also displayed a reduced accumulation of antimony mainly due to genomic alterations at the level of the subtelomeric region of chromosome 31 harboring the gene coding for the aquaglyceroporin 1 (LgAQP1). Resistance involved the loss of  LgAQP1  through subtelomeric deletions in three mutants. Interestingly, the fourth mutant harbored a single G133D point mutation in LgAQP1 whose role in resistance was functionality confirmed through drug sensitivity and antimony accumulation assays. In contrast to the  Leishmania  subspecies that resort to extrachromosomal amplification, the  Viannia  strains studied here used intrachromosomal amplification and locus deletion.    Conclusions/Significance  This is the first report of a naturally occurred point mutation in AQP1 in antimony resistant parasites.

plos neglected tropical diseases

Intrachromosomal Amplification, Locus Deletion and Point Mutation in the Aquaglyceroporin AQP1 Gene in Antimony Resistant Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis