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Background  Previous results have shown that oral and intranasal administration of particulate  Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis  antigens (LaAg) partially protects mice against  L. amazonensis  infection. However, vaccination studies on species of the subgenus  Viannia , the main causative agent of cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis in the Americas, have been hampered by the lack of easy-to-handle bio-models that accurately mimic the human disease. Recently, we demonstrated that the golden hamster is an appropriate model for studying the immunopathogenesis of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by  L. (Viannia) braziliensis.  Using the golden hamster model, our current study investigated whether the protective effect of intranasal immunisation with LaAg can be extended to  L. braziliensis  infection.    Methodology/Principal Findings  Golden hamsters vaccinated with either two intranasal (IN) doses of LaAg (10 µg) or two intramuscular doses of LaAg (20 µg) were challenged 2 weeks post-vaccination with  L. braziliensis . The results showed that IN immunisation with LaAg significantly reduced lesion growth and parasitic load as well as serum IgG and IgG2 levels. At the experimental endpoint on day 114 post-infection, IN-immunised hamsters that were considered protected expressed IFN-γ and IL10 mRNA levels that returned to uninfected skin levels. In contrast to the nasal route, intramuscular (IM) immunisation failed to provide protection.    Conclusions/Significance  These results demonstrate for the first time that the nasal route of immunisation can induce cross protection against  L. braziliensis  infection.

Intranasal Vaccination with Leishmanial Antigens Protects Golden Hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) Against Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis Infection