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Background  In Africa, many areas are co-endemic for the two major  Schistosoma  species,  S. mansoni  and  S. haematobium . Epidemiological studies have suggested that host immunological factors may play an important role in co-endemic areas. As yet, little is known about differences in host immune responses and possible immunological interactions between  S. mansoni  and  S. haematobium  in humans. The aim of this study was to analyze host cytokine responses to antigens from either species in a population from a co-endemic focus, and relate these to  S. mansoni  and  S. haematobium  infection.    Methodology  Whole blood cytokine responses were investigated in a population in the north of Senegal (n = 200). Blood was stimulated for 72 h with schistosomal egg and adult worm antigens of either  Schistosoma  species. IL-10, IL-5, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 production was determined in culture supernatants. A multivariate (i.e. multi-response) approach was used to allow a joint analysis of all cytokines in relation to  Schistosoma  infection.    Principal Findings    Schistosoma haematobium  egg and worm antigens induced higher cytokine production, suggesting that  S. haematobium  may be more immunogenic than  S. mansoni . However, both infections were strongly associated with similar, modified Th2 cytokine profiles.    Conclusions/Significance  This study is the first to compare  S. mansoni  and  S. haematobium  cytokine responses in one population residing in a co-endemic area. These findings are in line with previous epidemiological studies that also suggested  S. haematobium  egg and worm stages to be more immunogenic than those of  S. mansoni .

Cytokine Responses to Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium in Relation to Infection in a Co-endemic Focus in Northern Senegal