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Background  Bartonellae are fastidious bacteria causing persistent bacteremia in humans and a wide variety of animals. In recent years there is an increasing interest in mammalian bartonelloses in general and in rodent bartonelloses in particular. To date, no studies investigating the presence of  Bartonella  spp. in rodents and ectoparasites from Nigeria were carried out.    Methodology/Principal Findings  The aim of the current study was to investigate the presence of  Bartonella  spp. in commensal rodents and their ectoparasites in Nigeria. We report, for the first time, the molecular detection of  Bartonella  in 26% (46/177) of commensal rodents ( Rattus rattus, R. norvegicus  and  Cricetomys gambianus ) and 28% (9/32) of ectoparasite pools ( Xenopsylla cheopis ,  Haemolaelaps  spp.,  Ctenophthalmus  spp.,  Hemimerus talpoides , and  Rhipicephalus sanguineus ) from Nigeria. Sequence analysis of the citrate synthase gene ( gltA ) revealed diversity of  Bartonella  spp. and genotypes in Nigerian rodents and their ectoparasites.  Bartonella  spp. identical or closely related to  Bartonella elizabethae, Bartonella tribocorum  and  Bartonella grahamii  were detected.    Conclusions/Significance  High prevalence of infection with  Bartonella  spp. was detected in commensal rodents and ectoparasites from Nigeria. The  Bartonella  spp. identified were previously associated with human diseases highlighting their importance to public health. Further studies need to be conducted to determine whether the identified  Bartonella  species could be responsible for human cases of febrile illness in Nigeria.

Prevalence and Diversity of Bartonella Species in Commensal Rodents and Ectoparasites from Nigeria, West Africa