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Background  Vector-borne diseases remain a threat to public health, especially in tropical countries. The incompatible insect technique has been explored as a potential control strategy for several important insect vectors. However, this strategy has not been tested in  Culex pipiens pallens , the most prevalent mosquito species in China. Previous works used introgression to generate new strains that matched the genetic backgrounds of target populations while harboring a new  Wolbachia  endosymbiont, resulting in mating competitiveness and cytoplasmic incompatibility. The generation of these incompatible insects is often time-consuming, and the long-term stability of the newly created insect- Wolbachia  symbiosis is uncertain. Considering the wide distribution of  Cx. pipiens pallens  and hence possible isolation of different populations, we sought to test for incompatibilities between natural populations and the possibility of exploiting these incompatibilities as a control strategy.    Methodology/Principal Findings  Three field populations were collected from three geographic locations in eastern China. Reciprocal cross results showed that bi-directional patterns of incompatibility existed between some populations. Mating competition experiments indicated that incompatible males could compete with cognate males in mating with females, leading to reduced overall fecundity. F1 offspring from incompatible crosses maintained their maternal crossing types. All three populations tested positive for  Wolbachia . Removal of  Wolbachia  by tetracycline rendered matings between these populations fully compatible.    Conclusions/Significance  Our findings indicate that naturally occurring patterns of cytoplasmic incompatibility between  Cx. pipiens pallens  populations can be the basis of a control strategy for this important vector species. The observed incompatibilities are caused by  Wolbachia . More tests including field trials are warranted to evaluate the feasibility of this strategy as a supplement to other control measures.

Naturally Occurring Incompatibilities between Different Culex pipiens pallens Populations as the Basis of Potential Mosquito Control Measures