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Background  The inflammatory response is prominent in the pathogenesis of dermal leishmaniasis. We hypothesized that regulatory T cells (Tregs) may be diminished in chronic dermal leishmaniasis (CDL) and contribute to healing during treatment.    Methodology/Principal Findings  The frequency and functional capacity of Tregs were evaluated at diagnosis and following treatment of CDL patients having lesions of ≥6 months duration and asymptomatically infected residents of endemic foci. The frequency of CD4 + CD25 hi  cells expressing Foxp3 or GITR or lacking expression of CD127 in peripheral blood was determined by flow cytometry. The capacity of CD4 + CD25 +  cells to inhibit  Leishmania -specific responses was determined by co-culture with effector CD4 + CD25 −  cells. The expression of  FOXP3 ,  IFNG ,  IL10  and  IDO  was determined in lesion and leishmanin skin test site biopsies by qRT-PCR. Although CDL patients presented higher frequency of CD4 + CD25 hi Foxp3 +  cells in peripheral blood and higher expression of  FOXP3  at leishmanin skin test sites, their CD4 + CD25 +  cells were significantly less capable of suppressing antigen specific-IFN-γ secretion by effector cells compared with asymptomatically infected individuals. At the end of treatment, both the frequency of CD4 + CD25 hi CD127 −  cells and their capacity to inhibit proliferation and IFN-γ secretion increased and coincided with healing of cutaneous lesions.  IDO  was downregulated during healing of lesions and its expression was positively correlated with  IFNG  but not  FOXP3 .    Conclusions/Significance  The disparity between CD25 hi Foxp3 +  CD4 T cell frequency in peripheral blood, Foxp3 expression at the site of cutaneous responses to leishmanin, and suppressive capacity provides evidence of impaired Treg function in the pathogenesis of CDL. Moreover, the concurrence of increased  Leishmania -specific suppressive capacity with induction of a CD25 hi CD127 −  subset of CD4 T cells during healing supports the participation of Tregs in the resolution of chronic dermal lesions. Treg subsets may therefore be relevant in designing immunotherapeutic strategies for recalcitrant dermal leishmaniasis caused by  Leishmania (Viannia)  species.

Regulatory T Cells in the Pathogenesis and Healing of Chronic Human Dermal Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania (Viannia) Species