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Background    Leishmania  transmission occurs in the presence of insect saliva. Immunity to  Phlebotomus papatasi  or  Lutzomyia longipalpis  saliva or salivary components confers protection against an infection by  Leishmania  in the presence of the homologous saliva. However, immunization with  Lutzomyia intermedia  saliva did not protect mice against  Leishmania braziliensis  plus  Lu. intermedia  saliva. In the present study, we have studied whether the immunization with  Lu. longipalpis  saliva or a DNA plasmid coding for LJM19 salivary protein would be protective against  L. braziliensis  infection in the presence of  Lu. intermedia  saliva, the natural vector for  L. braziliensis .    Methodology/Principal Findings  Immunization with  Lu. longipalpis  saliva or with LJM19 DNA plasmid induced a Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH) response against  Lu. longipalpis  as well as against a  Lu. intermedia  saliva challenge. Immunized and unimmunized control hamsters were then intradermally infected in the ears with  L. braziliensis  in the presence of  Lu. longipalpis  or  Lu. intermedia  saliva. Animals immunized with  Lu. longipalpis  saliva exhibited smaller lesion sizes as well as reduced disease burdens both at lesion site and in the draining lymph nodes. These alterations were associated with a significant decrease in the expression levels of IL-10 and TGF-β. Animals immunized with LJM19 DNA plasmid presented similar findings in protection and immune response and additionally increased IFN-γ expression.    Conclusions/Significance  Immunization with  Lu. longipalpis  saliva or with a DNA plasmid coding LJM19 salivary protein induced protection in hamsters challenged with  L. braziliensis  plus  Lu. intermedia  saliva. These findings point out an important role of immune response against saliva components, suggesting the possibility to develop a vaccine using a single component of  Lu. longipalpis  saliva to generate protection against different species of  Leishmania , even those transmitted by a different vector.

Lutzomyia longipalpis Saliva or Salivary Protein LJM19 Protects against Leishmania braziliensis and the Saliva of Its Vector, Lutzomyia intermedia