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Mosquitoes in the  Culex pipiens  complex thrive in temperate and tropical regions worldwide, and serve as efficient vectors of Bancroftian lymphatic filariasis (LF) caused by  Wuchereria bancrofti  in Asia, Africa, the West Indies, South America, and Micronesia. However, members of this mosquito complex do not act as natural vectors for Brugian LF caused by  Brugia malayi , or for the cat parasite  B. pahangi , despite their presence in South Asia where these parasites are endemic. Previous work with the Iowa strain of  Culex pipiens pipiens  demonstrates that it is equally susceptible to  W. bancrofti  as is the natural  Cx. p. pipiens  vector in the Nile Delta, however it is refractory to infection with  Brugia  spp. Here we report that the infectivity barrier for  Brugia  spp. in  Cx. p. pipiens  is the mosquito midgut, which inflicts internal and lethal damage to ingested microfilariae. Following  per os Brugia  exposures, the prevalence of infection is significantly lower in  Cx. p. pipiens  compared to susceptible mosquito controls, and differs between parasite species with <50% and <5% of  Cx. p. pipiens  becoming infected with  B. pahangi  and  B. malayi , respectively. When  Brugia  spp. mf were inoculated intrathoracically to bypass the midgut, larvae developed equally well as in controls, indicating that, beyond the midgut,  Cx. p. pipiens  is physiologically compatible with  Brugia  spp. Mf isolated from  Cx. p. pipiens  midguts exhibited compromised motility, and unlike mf derived from blood or isolated from the midguts of  Ae. aegypti , failed to develop when inoculated intrathoracically into susceptible mosquitoes. Together these data strongly support the role of the midgut as the primary infection barrier for  Brugia  spp. in  Cx. p. pipiens . Examination of parasites recovered from the  Cx. p. pipiens  midgut by vital staining, and those exsheathed with papain, suggest that the damage inflicted by the midgut is subcuticular and disrupts internal tissues. Microscopic studies of these worms reveal compromised motility and sharp bends in the body; and ultrastructurally the presence of many fluid or carbohydrate-filled vacuoles in the hypodermis, body wall, and nuclear column. Incubation of  Brugia  mf with  Cx. p. pipiens  midgut extracts produces similar internal damage phenotypes; indicating that the  Cx. p. pipiens  midgut factor(s) that damage mf  in vivo  are soluble and stable in physiological buffer, and inflict damage on mf  in vitro .

Midgut Barrier Imparts Selective Resistance to Filarial Worm Infection in Culex pipiens pipiens