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Background  In human leishmaniasis Th1/Th2 dichotomy similar to murine model is not clearly defined and surrogate marker(s) of protection is not yet known. In this study, Th1/Th2 cytokines (IL-5, IL-10, IL-13 and IFN-γ) profile induced by purified CD4 + /CD8 +  T cells in response to  Leishmania  antigens were assessed at transcript and protein levels in 14 volunteers with a history of self-healing cutaneous leishmaniasis (HCL) and compared with 18 healthy control volunteers.    Methodology/Principal Findings  CD4 + /CD8 + /CD14 +  cells were purified from peripheral blood using magnetic beads; CD4 + /CD8 +  T cells were co-cultured with autologous CD14 +  monocytes in the presence of soluble  Leishmania  antigens (SLA). Stimulation of either CD4 +  T cells or CD8 +  T cells of HCL volunteers with SLA induced a significantly ( P <0.05) higher IFN-γ production compared with the cells of controls. Upregulation of IFN-γ gene expression in CD4 +  cells ( P <0.001) and CD8 +  cells ( P  = 0.006) of HCL volunteers was significantly more than that of controls. Significantly ( P <0.05) higher fold-expression of IFN-γ gene was seen in CD4 +  cells than in CD8 +  cells. In HCL volunteers a significantly ( P  = 0.014) higher number of CD4 +  cells were positive for intracellular IFN-γ production than CD8 +  cells.    Conclusions/Significance  Collectively, the volunteers have shown maintenance of specific long-term immune responses characterized by a strong reaction to leishmanin skin test and IFN-γ production. The dominant IFN-γ response was the result of expansion of both CD4 +  and CD8 +  T cells. The results suggested that immune response in protected individuals with a history of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) due to  L. major  is mediated not only through the expansion of antigen-specific IFN-γ producing CD4 +  Th1 cells, but also through IFN-γ producing CD8 +  T cells.

CD8+ T Cells as a Source of IFN-γ Production in Human Cutaneous Leishmaniasis