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Wolbachia  are required for filarial nematode survival and fertility and contribute to the immune responses associated with human filarial diseases. Here we developed whole-mount immunofluorescence techniques to characterize  Wolbachia  somatic and germline transmission patterns and tissue distribution in  Brugia malayi , a nematode responsible for lymphatic filariasis. In the initial embryonic divisions,  Wolbachia  segregate asymmetrically such that they occupy only a small subset of cells in the developing embryo, facilitating their concentration in the adult hypodermal chords and female germline.  Wolbachia  are not found in male reproductive tissues and the absence of  Wolbachia  from embryonic germline precursors in half of the embryos indicates  Wolbachia  loss from the male germline may occur in early embryogenesis.  Wolbachia  rely on fusion of hypodermal cells to populate adult chords. Finally, we detect  Wolbachia  in the secretory canal lumen suggesting living worms may release bacteria and/or their products into their host.

Asymmetric Wolbachia Segregation during Early Brugia malayi Embryogenesis Determines Its Distribution in Adult Host Tissues