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Background  In sub-Saharan Africa, non-typhoidal  Salmonella  (NTS) are emerging as a prominent cause of invasive disease (bacteremia and focal infections such as meningitis) in infants and young children. Importantly, including data from Mali, three serovars,  Salmonella enterica  serovar Typhimurium,  Salmonella  Enteritidis and  Salmonella  Dublin, account for the majority of non-typhoidal  Salmonella  isolated from these patients.    Methods  We have extended a previously developed series of polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) based on O serogrouping and H typing to identify  Salmonella  Typhimurium and variants (mostly I 4,[5],12:i:-),  Salmonella  Enteritidis and  Salmonella  Dublin. We also designed primers to detect  Salmonella  Stanleyville, a serovar found in West Africa. Another PCR was used to differentiate diphasic  Salmonella  Typhimurium and monophasic  Salmonella  Typhimurium from other O serogroup B, H:i serovars. We used these PCRs to blind-test 327  Salmonella  serogroup B and D isolates that were obtained from the blood cultures of febrile patients in Bamako, Mali.    Principal Findings  We have shown that when used in conjunction with our previously described O-serogrouping PCR, our PCRs are 100% sensitive and specific in identifying  Salmonella  Typhimurium and variants,  Salmonella  Enteritidis,  Salmonella  Dublin and  Salmonella  Stanleyville. When we attempted to differentiate 171  Salmonella  Typhimurium (I 4,[ 5],12:i:1,2) strains from 52 monophasic  Salmonella  Typhimurium (I 4,[5],12:i:-) strains, we were able to correctly identify 170 of the  Salmonella  Typhimurium and 51 of the  Salmonella  I 4,[5],12:i:- strains.    Conclusion  We have described a simple yet effective PCR method to support surveillance of the incidence of invasive disease caused by NTS in developing countries.

Identification by PCR of Non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica Serovars Associated with Invasive Infections among Febrile Patients in Mali