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Background  Eosinophilic meningitis (angiostrongyliasis) caused by  Angiostrongylus cantonensis  is emerging in mainland China. However, the distribution of  A. cantonensis  and its intermediate host snails, and the role of two invasive snail species in the emergence of angiostrongyliasis, are not well understood.    Methodology/Principal Findings  A national survey pertaining to  A. cantonensis  was carried out using a grid sampling approach (spatial resolution: 40×40 km). One village per grid cell was randomly selected from a 5% random sample of grid cells located in areas where the presence of the intermediate host snail  Pomacea canaliculata  had been predicted based on a degree-day model. Potential intermediate hosts of  A. cantonensis  were collected in the field, restaurants, markets and snail farms, and examined for infection. The infection prevalence among intermediate host snails was estimated, and the prevalence of  A. cantonensis  within  P. canaliculata  was displayed on a map, and predicted for non-sampled locations. It was confirmed that  P. canaliculata  and  Achatina fulica  were the predominant intermediate hosts of  A. cantonensis  in China, and these snails were found to be well established in 11 and six provinces, respectively. Infected snails of either species were found in seven provinces, closely matching the endemic area of  A. cantonensis . Infected snails were also found in markets and restaurants. Two clusters of  A. cantonensis –infected  P. canaliculata  were predicted in Fujian and Guangxi provinces.    Conclusions/Significance  The first national survey in China revealed a wide distribution of  A. cantonensis  and two invasive snail species, indicating that a considerable number of people are at risk of angiostrongyliasis. Health education, rigorous food inspection and surveillance are all needed to prevent recurrent angiostrongyliasis outbreaks.

Invasive Snails and an Emerging Infectious Disease: Results from the First National Survey on Angiostrongylus cantonensis in China