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Background  The soil-dwelling saprophyte bacterium  Burkholderia pseudomallei  is the cause of melioidosis, a severe disease of humans and animals in southeast Asia and northern Australia. Despite the detection of  B. pseudomallei  in various soil and water samples from endemic areas, the environmental habitat of  B. pseudomallei  remains unclear.    Methodology/Principal Findings  We performed a large survey in the Darwin area in tropical Australia and screened 809 soil samples for the presence of these bacteria.  B. pseudomallei  were detected by using a recently developed and validated protocol involving soil DNA extraction and real-time PCR targeting the  B. pseudomallei –specific Type III Secretion System TTS1 gene cluster. Statistical analyses such as multivariable cluster logistic regression and principal component analysis were performed to assess the association of  B. pseudomallei  with environmental factors. The combination of factors describing the habitat of  B. pseudomallei  differed between undisturbed sites and environmentally manipulated areas. At undisturbed sites, the occurrence of  B. pseudomallei  was found to be significantly associated with areas rich in grasses, whereas at environmentally disturbed sites,  B. pseudomallei  was associated with the presence of livestock animals, lower soil pH and different combinations of soil texture and colour.    Conclusions/Significance  This study contributes to the elucidation of environmental factors influencing the occurrence of  B. pseudomallei  and raises concerns that  B. pseudomallei  may spread due to changes in land use.

Landscape Changes Influence the Occurrence of the Melioidosis Bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei in Soil in Northern Australia