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Background    Glossina fuscipes fuscipes  is the major vector of human African trypanosomiasis, commonly referred to as sleeping sickness, in Uganda. In western and eastern Africa, the disease has distinct clinical manifestations and is caused by two different parasites:  Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense  and  T. b. gambiense . Uganda is exceptional in that it harbors both parasites, which are separated by a narrow 160-km belt. This separation is puzzling considering there are no restrictions on the movement of people and animals across this region.    Methodology and Results  We investigated whether genetic heterogeneity of  G. f. fuscipes  vector populations can provide an explanation for this disjunct distribution of the  Trypanosoma  parasites. Therefore, we examined genetic structuring of  G. f. fuscipes  populations across Uganda using newly developed microsatellite markers, as well as mtDNA. Our data show that  G. f. fuscipes  populations are highly structured, with two clearly defined clusters that are separated by Lake Kyoga, located in central Uganda. Interestingly, we did not find a correlation between genetic heterogeneity and the type of  Trypanosoma  parasite transmitted.    Conclusions  The lack of a correlation between genetic structuring of  G. f. fuscipes  populations and the distribution of  T. b. gambiense  and  T. b. rhodesiense  indicates that it is unlikely that genetic heterogeneity of  G. f. fuscipes  populations explains the disjunct distribution of the parasites. These results have important epidemiological implications, suggesting that a fusion of the two disease distributions is unlikely to be prevented by an incompatibility between vector populations and parasite.

High Levels of Genetic Differentiation between Ugandan Glossina fuscipes fuscipes Populations Separated by Lake Kyoga