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Background  An enhanced understanding of the hookworm genome and its resident mobile genetic elements should facilitate understanding of the genome evolution, genome organization, possibly host-parasite co-evolution and horizontal gene transfer, and from a practical perspective, development of transposon-based transgenesis for hookworms and other parasitic nematodes.    Methodology/Principal Findings  A novel  mariner -like element (MLE) was characterized from the genome of the dog hookworm,  Ancylostoma caninum , and termed  bandit . The consensus sequence of the  bandit  transposon was 1,285 base pairs (bp) in length. The new transposon was flanked by perfect terminal inverted repeats of 32 nucleotides in length with a common target site duplication TA, and it encoded an open reading frame (ORF) of 342 deduced amino acid residues. Phylogenetic comparisons confirmed that the ORF encoded a  mariner -like transposase, which included conserved catalytic domains, and that the  bandit  transposon belonged to the  cecropia  subfamily of MLEs. The phylogenetic analysis also indicated that the  Hsmar1  transposon from humans was the closest known relative of  bandit , and that  bandit  and  Hsmar1  constituted a clade discrete from the  Tc 1 subfamily of MLEs from the nematode  Caenorhabditis elegans . Moreover, homology models based on the crystal structure of  Mos1  from  Drosophila mauritiana  revealed closer identity in active site residues of the catalytic domain including Ser281, Lys289 and Asp293 between  bandit  and  Hsmar1  than between  Mos1  and either  bandit  or  Hsmar1 . The entire  bandit  ORF was amplified from genomic DNA and a fragment of the  bandit  ORF was amplified from RNA, indicating that this transposon is actively transcribed in hookworms.    Conclusions/Significance  A  mariner -like transposon termed  bandit  has colonized the genome of the hookworm  A. caninum . Although MLEs exhibit a broad host range, and are identified in other nematodes, the closest phylogenetic relative of  bandit  is the  Hsmar1  element of humans. This surprising finding suggests that  bandit  was transferred horizontally between hookworm parasites and their mammalian hosts.

The bandit, a New DNA Transposon from a Hookworm—Possible Horizontal Genetic Transfer between Host and Parasite